For most of us, hiccups are a fleeting nuisance—a few seconds of staccato spasms and… well, that’s mostly it. But for one elderly man in Lebanon, the spasms didn’t stop. Not for hours.

Nerves in the bladder. The nerves alert a person when it is time to urinate, or empty the bladder. Urethra. This tube allows urine to pass outside the body. The brain signals the bladder muscles to ...

The brain itself is a not a muscle. It contains blood vessels and nerves, including neurons and glial cells. What is the gray matter and white matter? Gray and white matter are two different regions ...

The vagus nerve is a major component of the cardiac neuroaxis ... Firstly, we provided a succinct description of cardiac vagal innervation anatomy and physiology and principles of VNS. Then, we ...

In the caudal brainstem, these projections target the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the medulla (Figure 2), which is also innervated by visceral and taste sensations through the vagus, ...