Shoulder dystocia is an uncommon but potentially catastrophic intrapartum event. Although risk factors such as maternal diabetes, obesity and macrosomia can be identified, shoulder dystocia most ...

This article was reviewed by Rhonia Gordon, MD, who is a clinical assistant professor with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at NYU Langone. One rare but serious possible complication ...

Dystocia may occur with maternal or fetal causes. Maternal causes include primary uterine inertia, birth canal obstruction, uterine torsion or prolapse, and vaginal stricture. Fetal causes include ...

Shoulder dystocia occurs when after the delivery of the fetal head, the shoulder fails to be delivered. The obstructed shoulder may be either the anterior or posterior shoulder; however ...