Industrial Control System (ICS) depends on the underlying Programmable Logical Controllers (PLCs) to run. As such, the security of the internal control logic of the PLCs is the top concern of ICS.

In recent years Nano-electromechanical (NEM) relays have been proposed as promising candidates to complement or replace CMOS technology in ultra-low power applications, due to their zero off-state ...

This involves implementing redundancy logic in software, possibly in a supervisory control system (like SCADA or DCS) or higher-level control utilizing distributed computing.