Mike: Nearly every analog instrument uses the 4-20 mA loop. Field transmitters, positioners, and variable frequency drives ...

Designing and tuning a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller appears to be conceptually intuitive, but can be hard in practice, if multiple (and often conflicting) objectives such as short ...

The efficacy of the proposed PID controller is examined amid system parametric uncertainties, nonlinearities, step load disturbance, and random load disturbance.