The PHY is a key component of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, which contains seven abstraction layers for connecting different systems and defining how they communicate with each other ...

Each header consists of information such as source and destination addresses, protocol used, sequence number and other flow-control related data. The following are the OSI protocols used in the seven ...

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model is a conceptual framework used to describe the communication functions of a network. It consists of seven layers, each of which performs a specific ...

The OSI model and the TCP/IP model both describe how data is transmitted through a network, but they differ in the number of layers and the names of the layers. The TCP/IP model has only four layers ...

To estimate the accurate fundamental relationship in traffic flow, this paper proposes a novel framework that extends classical fundamental diagram (FD) models to incorporate more dimensions of ...

Cross-border data flows that comprise the digital economy are now geographically concentrated within a few regions. The same regions that house major companies specializing in data and digital ...

Layer 4 provides for the transparent transfer of data for users, systems, and applications and reliable data transfer services to the upper levels.

Model transformations are frequently applied in business process modeling to bridge between languages on a different level of abstraction and formality This paper proposes a model transformation from ...