In the particle swarm algorithm search strategy, linear variable social learning and self-learning are introduced to improve the population’s ability to communicate information. The individual ...

A mixed integer linear program ... we present a memetic algorithm that integrates a population-based nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II and two single-solution-based improvement methods, i.e., ...

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AlphaTensor, from 2022, used the reinforcement learning method to produce novel algorithms. Fun Search, from 2024, used an evolutionary method to generate more efficient code for a given problem.