All systems can be understood using an input-process-output (IPO) model, and the system we call “innovation” is no exception. This model is likely familiar to you from information technology ...

Uncertainty analyses are built on, and limited by, the selection of process models used to quantify input-output relationships,” Xie tells GEN.

For prompts greater than 200,000 tokens (which most of Google’s competitors don’t support), Gemini 2.5 Pro costs $2.50 per million input tokens and $15 per million output tokens.