Errors can creep in upstream of the ADC along the analog signal chain as the signal to be digitized is acquired and ...

The problem of calculating the average bit-error probability (BEP) of coherent M-ary phase-shift keying (PSK) over a Gaussian channel has been studied previously in the literature.

A new method uses bit-error-rate measurements to acquire and stabilize the wavelength of an optical resonant modulator to an optical carrier wave.