A small region of the brain, known as the ventral tegmental area (VTA), plays a key role in how we process rewards. It ...

In this paper, an improved FOA, named as dynamic generalized opposition-based learning fruit fly optimization algorithm (DGOBL-FOA), is proposed to mitigate the aforementioned drawback hence improve ...

a dynamic traffic impedance function that considers the economic and time costs, and passengers' preference is established based on the concept of generalized cost, which is combined with the ...