Instead of Circuit Theory, gain equations are extracted from a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) by Mason’s Gain Formula. Voltage Signal Analysis (VSA) creates a SFG from the Circuit Schematic. Both the ...

Signal flow graph . To construct the SFG we need models for an Impedance Z and an op-amp. Let’s do the easy one first. The op-amp schematic and SFG are shown below. Op amp schematic . Op amp signal ...

When designing filters, engineers very often need to know what the filtered value at the output will be. This is especially important for variable switching power supplies operating ...