A teacher I know is stuck, with only npn transistors in the supply cupboard and the need to create a reversible motor drive for an Arduino project. Reversing ‘bridges’ have four switches (relay ...

Every time I log in, I’m presented with a list of new Blinky LEDs, Raspberry Pi accessories, Arduino ... one click” button. Two days later I had a “SainSmart Mega328 Transistor Tester ...

In the early days, PNP bipolar transistors were common, but the bulk of circuits you see today use NPN transistors. As [Aaron Danner] points out, many people think PNP transistors are “backward ...

For example, transistors and resistors replace the entire IC (Figure 1). The circuit handles only the clock signal or only the data signal. Two npn transistors, connected head-to-head, form the heart ...