But encoding doesn’t get nearly the attention that decoding does, despite evidence that, from the earliest grades on, writing practice is a powerful aid and complement to reading instruction.

Applying their techniques beyond the encoding of pictures and ... of the talked-about applications of brain decoding — those that would involve reading someone's hidden or unconscious thoughts.

As we read, and understand what we are reading, we don’t just use our knowledge ... They can begin with decoding – breaking the word into its parts and trying to sound them out and then ...