Compared to the simple diode needed to demodulate AM radio signals, the detector circuits used for FM are slightly more complicated. Wrapping your head around phase detectors, ratio detectors, disc… ...

Compared to the simple diode needed to demodulate AM radio signals, the detector circuits used for FM are slightly more complicated. Wrapping your head around phase detectors, ratio detectors ...

The value of R1 is determined by the maximum laser current required (in this case, 250 mA), adjusted by the laser diode's typical forward voltage of 2.0 V as given on the datasheet. Solving for R1 ...

When you apply correct polarity to the circuit, D 1 becomes reverse-biased, and the S 1 relay remains off. Then connect the input- and output-power lines to the normally connected pins of the relay, ...

Using simple components such as oil, salt water, lipids and proteins, plus routine genetic engineering techniques, it is possible to create simple nanofluidic circuits.