A way to greatly enhance the efficiency of a method for correcting errors in quantum computers has been realized by theoretical physicists at RIKEN. This advance could help to develop larger, more ...

A continuous random variable is a type of variable that can take on any value within a given range. Unlike discrete random variables ... X\) is defined as the expected value of the squared difference ...

A discrete random variable is a ... quantify the variability in the outcomes of a random variable. The variance of a random variable \(X\), denoted \(VAR(X)\) measures the average of the squared ...

Degrees of freedom are the number of independent variables that can be estimated in a statistical analysis and tell you how many items can be randomly selected before constraints must be put in place.

Abstract: This note extends to the discrete-time case the design of linear functional state observers, recently developed for continuous-time delay systems. Sufficient conditions for the stability ...

If possible, we recoded existing categorical variables into the four aforementioned categories. Continuous data were categorised using tertiles or quartiles, with arbitrary cut-off points, since ...

Global growth is projected to decline after a period of steady but underwhelming performance, amid policy shifts and new uncertainties. Global headline inflation is expected to decline further, ...

While originally formulated in continuous quantum variables, the field worked almost exclusively with discrete variables, such as single photons and photon pairs. The renaissance of continuous ...

Tests/procedures more likely to lead to secondary or incidental findings include large-scale genetic sequencing (e.g., whole genome sequencing, non-specific genomic analyses); non-discrete testing of ...