Torque-based control model enables flexibility and expanding ability of the engine and powertrain control system structure. This paper describes a torque-based engine and powertrain model. Based on ...

The engine friction and actuator power are the main factors of the cooling system affecting the fuel economy of a spark ignition (SI) engine. An electrified cooling system containing an electric fan, ...

Powertrain control module Engine mounts Flywheel Injection pump Manifold (exhaust and intake) Manifold bolts Oil pan Oil pump Seals and gaskets Engine thermostat Engine thermostat housing Timing ...