Here, the envelope of the carrier can be seen to change in line with the modulating signal. This is known as Amplitude Modulation (AM). Figure 3-2. An amplitude modulated signal. The demodulation ...

At the lowest level is 00, followed by 01, 10, and 11, respectively. PAM4 indicates pulse-amplitude modulation, with the “4” indicating four levels of pulse modulation. PAM4 eye diagram. An eye ...

We’ve done quite a bit with Google Sheets and signal processing: we’ve generated signals, created filters, and computed quadrature signals. We can pull all that together into an educati… ...

Hard-decision demodulation of 5:9 modulation is straightforward to implement and can operate rapidly, but its relative simplicity makes it vulnerable to noise-induced demodulation errors.