NORFOLK, Va. — With the 2025 Atlantic hurricane season on the horizon, meteorologist are focusing on the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a key driver of seasonal storm behavior.

Credit: NIAID, CC BY 2.0 Though ENSO events can be forecast months in advance, few successful public health interventions, such as vaccine campaigns and vector control efforts, have resulted from ...

The main variable that is considered from the coupled climate models' ENSO forecasts is the NINO3.4 index. All models that NCC surveys run a suite of forecasts known as an ensemble. Both the ensemble ...

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