Equation (5) shows that probability of bit error, Pe, is determined by the signal amplitude, v1(t)-v0(t), and the noise (s0 and s1). The noise can be directly measured and its magnitude typically ...

For example, Hamming codes, popular in memory arrays, are well-suited for high-probability, random, 1-bit errors in short code words. Maximum-likelihood codes, of which Viterbi trellis detectors are a ...

2. Keysightâ s M8040A 64-Gbaud high-performance BERT for PAM-4 and NRZ allows for simplified and accurate receiver characterization. (Courtesy of Keysight Technologies) ...