Many different modulation schemes can implement high bit rates ... each 4-bit code (Fig. 2). Each dot represents a specific carrier amplitude and phase shift. A total of 16 symbols encodes ...

Subscribe here to receive similar articles over e-mail whenever Krishna Pillai publishes an article on his site. The article compares various digital modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK, PAM, 16PSK, ...

Half the bits are represented on the real axis and half the bits are represented on the imaginary axis. The in-phase and quadrature signals are independent level Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) ...

Review of the challenges faced with scaling rates to 200 Gbps and the different modulation schemes needed ... By scaling the symbol rate to 200 Gbps using PAM4 modulation, the same 30-millimeter ...

Have you ever heard terms like modulation scheme, orthoganal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), or symbol rate and scratched your head? As new wireless standards emerge, we get excited about ...