An international research team has now developed concrete guidelines for how the batteries should be charged and operated, maximizing efficiency while minimizing the risk of short circuits.

In a VRFB cell, an ion exchange membrane (IEM) is used to prevent formation of a cathode/anode short circuit and avoid electrolyte crossover ... Nanoengineers at the University of California San ...

Physicists at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL ... composed of free electrons and atomic nuclei—from causing short circuits in machines such as spacecraft thrusters, radar ...