Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) uses both amplitude and phase to add additional modulation states. Figure 4 shows 16-QAM (with 16 states). Imagine our modulation vector jumping around, pointing ...

Quadrature amplitude modulation signalling is currently enabling rapid data transfer capacity growth, but it still has associated drawbacks. Here, Liu et al.use optical injection locking to ...

Modern telecommunications applications like 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems as well as forthcoming 5G systems use multicarrier modulation like orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM ...