Computers need programming languages to function. That’s just a simple fact of life. However, these languages didn’t just spring up out of nowhere. They were developed by people for explicit ...

The evolution of computer programming has been largely independent of actual computer evolution. ­Languages such as C++ have lived through many generations of computers, and although they’ve ...

In the early ’90s, a committee of academics built Haskell as a kind of experiment in language design, and all these years later, it remains on the fringes of mainstream programming.