Historically, after layout and calligraphy is done, illumination is applied by either gold leaf or gold shell. According to Hilarie, leaf gold easily disintegrates since it is very soft.

View A Panel of Illuminated Calligraphy (1793) By Hashim Muhammad; Ink, Gouache and Gold on Paper; Central panel: 10.2 x 14.5cm; 4 x 5 3/4 in ; Leaf: 15.5 x 19.8cm; 6 1/8 x 7 7/8 in; Signed; . Access ...

3-day Turkish Festival showcases rich heritage through traditional cuisine, Ottoman performances, centuries-old arts including paper marbling, illumination, calligraphy - Anadolu Ajansı ...

Historically, after layout and calligraphy is done, illumination is applied by either gold leaf or gold shell. According to Hilarie, leaf gold easily disintegrates since it is very soft.