image: Climatological mean of vertical vorticity (d) and its decomposition: (a) vertical vorticity of horizontal circulation, (b) vertical vorticity of meridional and zonal circulations, (c ...

To quantify this circulation on a planetary scale, it is necessary to understand the intensity of all those processes that cause the spatial and temporal intermittency of the large currents, i.e ...

Scientists have found evidence that the horizontal circulation of carbon-rich ocean water in the subpolar Southern Ocean works in tandem with vertical circulation, together controlling how much ...