Among the various sensing modalities available for bioprocess operations, index of refraction (IoR) is intriguing for its simplicity and capability for sample-less, real-time readout.

Ordinarily, index of refraction is too subtle to detect in a single molecule, but using a technology we developed, we can pass light through a sample thousands of times, which amplifies the change.

For example, if you are facing north, your reflection is facing south. The reflection of light rays is one of the major aspects of geometric optics; the other is refraction, or the bending of ...

An easy example of refraction is that when light enters a more dense material, its flight direction is bent—this is why objects at the bottom of a swimming pool appear further away than they ...