With this technique nearly all causes of airway obstruction can be diagnosed. Disorders which are more difficult to diagnose endoscopically are OSAS, gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD), and ...

The nasopharyngeal airway continues to open in a cephalocaudal fashion. f: The bolus has disappeared into the esophagus. All structures have returned to the open position: the normal contours of ...

During swallowing, one of the most important actions is the protection of the airway from the food being swallowed. This protection is achieved when several muscles (located under the chin) contract ...