But encoding doesn’t get nearly the attention that decoding does, despite evidence that, from the earliest grades on, writing practice is a powerful aid and complement to reading instruction.

Applying their techniques beyond the encoding of pictures and ... of the talked-about applications of brain decoding — those that would involve reading someone's hidden or unconscious thoughts.

decoding, and encoding—are necessary, said Kurto. But they’re not the only components of a comprehensive literacy program. “When we’re reading, we’re reading language. We will only ...