Any of the three components of a machine-learning system can be hidden, or in a black box. As is often the case, the algorithm is publicly known, which makes putting it in a black box less effective.

These boxes all contain algorithms, the decision-making machines ... that you'd have been successful had you applied for a different type of visa or requested a shorter stay.

One of the biggest challenges today for machine learning is what is known as the “black box problem.” Software engineers can test algorithms to see if their output matches the expectations of ...