Part 1 explains the basics of amplitude modulation (AM ... It is often convenient to represent a phase shift keyed signal, and sometimes other types of signal, using a phasor or constellation diagram ...

Figure 3 Constellation diagrams for simple PSK signals. [From Ref 3] Fig. 3 also shows 8-PSK which uses phase modulation to create eight modulation states. Three-bits worth of logical states are shown ...

This study demonstrates a compact optical modulation platform that enables real-time, high-resolution spectroscopy using sub-MHz interleaved combs generated via chip-scale acousto-optic phase ...